Follows the curvature of the Earth, typically used for low and medium-frequency (AM broadcast) communications.

Detailed mathematical derivation of the array factor and its effect on the total radiation pattern.

Arrays where maximum radiation matches the direction of the array axis.

Comprehensive analysis of dipoles, monopoles, and loop antennas.

Methods to control beam direction, side-lobe levels, and null placement. 3. Practical Antenna Types

The textbook is generally divided into two primary sections: Antenna Engineering and Wave Propagation. 1. Fundamental Antenna Parameters

: The use of the Ionosphere to bounce signals over the horizon.