| Jurisdiction | Relevant Laws & Precedents | Typical Enforcement | |--------------|----------------------------|---------------------| | | • Copyright Act (17 U.S.C.) – §§ 106‑117 (exclusive rights). • DMCA – safe harbor provisions; sites that host infringing content without a “notice‑and‑takedown” policy can lose protection. • MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) – contributory infringement for facilitating unauthorized copying. | Civil suits by rights holders; injunctions; statutory damages up to $150,000 per work. | | European Union | • EU Copyright Directive (2001/29/EC). • Recent “Digital Services Act” (2020) imposes “duty of care” on platforms to remove infringing content quickly. | Court orders for domain blocking; fines for repeat offenders. | | India | • Copyright Act, 1957 (Amended 2012). • Section 63‑65: criminal liability for copyright infringement; up to 3 years imprisonment and fine. • M/s. Sony Pictures Entertainment v. Indian IP Enforcement Agency (2020) – injunctions against piracy sites. | Police raids on hosting providers; ISPs ordered to block domain names. | | Other Countries | Most adopt the Berne Convention standards, making unauthorized distribution illegal. | Varies; many rely on domain‑blocking orders and civil suits. |
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