Every class in Python is an instance of type (or a subclass of type ). A metaclass is just a subclass of type .
: An in-depth look at how class data and function attributes are stored and accessed. python 3 deep dive part 4 oop high quality
class C(A, B): pass
Python offers two distinct pathways to ensure structural safety: runtime verification via Abstract Base Classes (nominal typing) and static analysis via Protocols (structural typing/duck typing). Nominal Typing with ABCs (Runtime Enforcement) Every class in Python is an instance of
| Feature | Dunder Method(s) | |-----------------------|--------------------------------------| | Object representation | __repr__ , __str__ | | Container protocol | __len__ , __getitem__ , __setitem__ | | Callable objects | __call__ | | Context manager | __enter__ , __exit__ | | Arithmetic ops | __add__ , __sub__ , __mul__ , etc.| | Hashing / equality | __hash__ , __eq__ | class C(A, B): pass Python offers two distinct
print(issubclass(Circle, Drawable)) # True (thanks to )