During this era, approximately were brought to trial by the Modenese Inquisition. The state and church explicitly classified their offenses under religious crimes, including: Love magic Superstition Blasphemy Demon conjuring From Victimhood to Agency
Her doctoral research was supported by prestigious grants, including those from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship. naomi makowska
Makowska’s response, in a rare interview with Aperture , was characteristically understated: “The political is not always loud. Sometimes, it is the quiet act of preserving a fragile image against the tide. That is its own resistance.” During this era, approximately were brought to trial
Unlike laboratory-bound researchers, Makowska pioneered a methodology she calls "Digital Shadowing." She asks participants to screen-record their sessions while speaking aloud their emotional reactions, not just their cognitive tasks. This reveals the gap between functional success (e.g., "I uploaded the photo") and emotional success (e.g., "I hesitated for 6 seconds because I worried about my ex seeing this"). Her findings consistently show that users spend the majority of their digital time managing social risk , not technical errors. Consequently, Makowska argues that error messaging is a moral technology: a "Your password is incorrect" popup is not a system notification, but a public shaming event. Sometimes, it is the quiet act of preserving
Her academic work delves into the complexities of seventeenth-century social history, analyzing how marginalized voices—particularly women—interacted with institutional structures, including the Inquisition. Academic Background and Research Interests