Control strategies are useless without physical hardware to execute commands. Kulkarni dedicates significant coverage to , which act as the muscle of automation systems.
Below is a detailed, long guide structured to follow typical contents of that textbook (suitable for self-study or course use). If you want the guide adjusted (shorter, focused on PID, control valves, instrumentation, or exam prep), say which focus and I’ll adapt. process instrumentation and control by a.p. kulkarni pdf